Along with other Conservation laws in physics, "Conservation of Information" is a fundamental law originated from quantum mechanics which says information can never be lost. Me, you and all objects in the universe, carry a large amount of specific information, which is the structure of the atoms that have made us.
Black Holes and Information Paradox
Every change happened to an object is related to the Arrangements of its atoms, change in the arrangement is equivalent to the change in information so, the information changes its shape but is never destructable. There is only one place in the universe that seems to destruct the information and that is the singularity of a blackhole.
General Relativity says that every single object fallen into a blackhole will be crushed out of existence and no trace would be left of it in the universe, which is incompatible with the principle of " Information Conservation". Steven Hawking believed that in this process energy would be saved in the blackhole but the information would be lost. In efforts to find a way of saving the information, Jacob Beknestein, one of Hawking's students suggested that all the information would be savesd at the surface of event horizon.
That is why Hawking said: "Not only does God definitely play dice, but He sometimes confuses us by throwing them where they can't be seen." (Kind of an answer to Einstein's famous quote: "God does not play dice")
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